The Problem of Cyber Bullying - 1323 Words

In the past few years, there has been a tremendous amount of improvements of technology use in teenagers causing a new problem to arise. â€Å"Half of students admit to being bullied online, while an estimated seventy-nine percent of teenagers say it’s a problem,† (â€Å"An Old Problem with a New Face†). Since the rapid growth of technology, cyber bullying has become life-threatening for too many teenagers. Now that teenagers have phones and technology almost twenty-four hours a day, they are putting themselves at a greater risk of being cyber bullied. Cyber bullying is different from regular, old-school bullying; cyber bullying is using the internet to ruin the life of other teenagers. â€Å"Cyber bulling is when a teenager is tormented, threatened,†¦show more content†¦As for the teenagers being cyber bullied, and the ones performing the cyberbullying, there are many different ways to handle the situation. For those who are being cyber-bullied or hara ssed they can block the person performing the bullying. If the cyber bully has contact information with the teen, they can ignore messages without reading them. In today’s social media, the person being bullied can report to the social media workers rude comments, inappropriate pictures, and just bullying itself. Then the comments will be taken down. Lastly, someone who is getting bullied needs to speak with a parent, a teacher, or even a friend about the bullying. As for the teenagers who are witnessing the cyberbullying, that teenager needs to tell them to stop what they’re doing because jail is a penalty for cyberbullying. That child could also get caught by the school and get expelled depending on how serious the case of cyberbullying has become. â€Å"The punishment for cyber bullies can include being suspended from school or kicked off of sports teams. Certain types of cyber bullying also may violate school codes or even discrimination or sexual harassment lawsà ¢â‚¬  (â€Å"Kids Health†). In addition to jail being an option, teenagers can result to taking their own lives. So additionally going to jail, the cyber-bully could be the reason behind anotherShow MoreRelatedCyber Bullying Is A Significant Problem1102 Words   |  5 Pagesarticle was written based on a study of cyber bullying behaviors in a large group of middle and high school students. Increases in technology, and access to that technology have increased student ability to bully using an online forum. Not a lot of research had been done into this subject at the time of this article. Taking this into consideration there had been a few large scale studies done that corroborated the belief that cyber bullying is a significant problem. Researchers believed that due toRead MoreCyber Bullying Is A Serious Problem1569 Words   |  7 Pagessocial media, entertainment, and study purposes. What is behind the internet that we do not realize? Bullying comes in many different fo rms whether getting targeted on the playground, at work, or even on the internet. Bullying is a violent and harmful act. This violence has been around for as long as schools have been around, but bullying has increased elsewhere. The act of cyberbullying, which is bullying that takes place on any form of technology, is expanding abundantly, with â€Å"more than one out ofRead MoreCyber Bullying : A Deep Seated Psychological Problem1359 Words   |  6 Pages Cyber Bullying Introduction Cyber bullying among teen occur when the teenagers harms or harass their peers over the information technology network. Cyber refers to any form of information technology and is not limited to social networks such as Facebook, blogs, twitter, SMS. It is important to note that an action can only be considered as bullying if it is repeated and conducted deliberatelyRead MoreCyber Bullying : A Constant Problem For Young Individuals1808 Words   |  8 PagesFor decades, physical bullying has been a constant problem for young individuals today. Bullying is any â€Å"Unwanted aggressive behavior(s) by another youth or group of youths who are not siblings or current dating partners that involves an observed or perceived power imbalance and is repeated multiple times or is highly likely to be repeated† (stopbullying.gov). Social media is one of the most dominant activity young individuals participate in. The more social media that are being created and distributedRead MoreCyber Bullying Has Become A Significant Problem Among Teenagers1583 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Cyber bullies can hide behind a mask of anonymity online, and do not need direct physical access to their victims to do unimaginable harm.† I believe this quote significantly summarizes the cowards who take advantage of others through the power of electronics. Verbal bullying has always happened in schools, but cyber bullying has become a significant problem amongst teenagers. Electronic access to social media outlets such as facebook, twitter, vine and snapchat, has made it easy for people to bullyRead MoreCyber-Bullying Has Been A Problem For A Very Long Period.1152 Words   |  5 PagesCyber-bullying has been a problem for a very long period. Due to the growth of our recent technology, cyber-bullying has become one of the most challenging issues in our society. Since cyber-bullying problems are more likely to happen at social gathering, schools, and even mobile phones; Pro fessors, principals, teachers and parents are accountable to observe, reprove and possibly avoid cyber-bullying. The anticipations of most parents of the school, is security. Meanwhile, many employees feel reluctantRead MoreCyber Bullying : A Consistent Problem For Young People Attending School1383 Words   |  6 PagesCyber-Bullying For decades, physical bullying has been a consistent problem for young people attending school. Yet the growth of the Internet has redefined how students pick on one another. Cyber-bullying has become one of the most difficult issues to resolve in our society. Cyber-bullying can come in many forms. Cyber harassment, for example, refers to repeated hurtful emails, text messages or instant messages. Another form of cyberbullying is impersonation, in which cyber-bullies pretend to beRead MoreCyber Bullying : More Than Just Online Problems And Consequences2031 Words   |  9 Pages Cyber-Bullying: More Than Just Online Problems and Consequences by Kate H. Evans Professor Archer Principles of Sociology- Social Psychology 200-01 Fall 2016—TTh 12:00-1:15 Saint Clair Community College October 21, 2016 Abstract This paper discusses some of the anti-social behaviors and actions that occur as a result of social media’s far reach across the internet, anonymity’s contribution to the negative side of online interaction, and the statistical extent this issue is at. With technologyRead MoreThe Prevention of Cyberbullying627 Words   |  3 PagesInternet, bullying persists with new forms and faces. Bullies can hide behind anonymous user profiles online, creating an environment in which young victims have no direct resources. Effective methods of controlling the problem of cyber bullying are necessary to prevent problems such as suicide. One student in Iowa committed suicide after bullies at his school posted that the student was gay on Facebook; as a result of this and related suicides, the state of Iowa is redefining what cyber bullying is inRead MoreCyber Bullying Is An Action Of Harassing Or Harming People Using Technology945 Words   |  4 PagesCyber bullying is an action of ha rassing or harming people using technology. It is increasing with the increasing technology. People of all ages are victims for this where majority of them are teenagers. It includes posting rumors or gossip about a person and insulting them or sometimes it may include morphing of their photos and posting them in social media networks to embarrass them. A victim can t cyber predict the cyber bully and is difficult to know that person. A cyber bully can be any unknown

Clifford Odets’ Waiting for Lefty Essay example - 801 Words

Clifford Odets’ Waiting for Lefty In his play Waiting for Lefty Clifford Odets attempts to stir up the weary American public of the 1930s by providing examples of everyday people who, with some coaxing, rise above the capitalist mess theyve inherited and take control of their destinies. In his work, Odets paints the common man as honest, sacrificial, and exploited, while big business and the government are portrayed as the proletariats enemies, anonymous corporations of rich men intent on shattering dreams. Odets makes his point clear: in order to survive in the cutthroat world of Depression-era America, one must band with others, make necessary sacrifices, and live for oneself, not for a paycheck or in a deluded fantasy-state.†¦show more content†¦The strike-within-the-family context elucidates for the common man the power the workers, when unified, wield over the employer. Odets critiques big business lack of sympathy in the second episode, which stars Fayette, a corrupt industrialist, and Miller, a naà ¯ve, idealistic young lab assistant. When Miller expresses concern over the industrialists proposal of a new poison gas, Fayette replies, If big business went sentimental over human life there wouldnt be big business of any sort! Later, as Miller wistfully describes his brother who died in WWI, Fayette superficially condoles, Yes, those things stick. Hows your handwriting, Miller, fairly legible? (15) The common mans idealism wins out in the end, however, after Fayette asks that Miller spy on his superiors; says an irate Miller, Sure hard feelings!...Nothing suave or sophisticated about me...Enough to want to bust you and all your kind square in the mouth! (17) The punch he lands on Fayette is a call to the workers of the U.S. to stand up for themselves and to risk their jobs for the preservation of their values. This feature is repeated in the Labor S py Episode, as a man in the crowd chooses union over fraternal loyalty and betrays his brother, a strike-breaker:Show MoreRelatedBlues for Mister Charlie2234 Words   |  9 Pagesaccording to Yvette Hardie, a famous director, the play is â€Å"filled with liveliness and zeal. It is like a thunderous battle cry.† Many critics say that if you look at the entire picture of the play clearly, the play mirrors Waiting for Lefty of three decades ago, when Clifford Odets rallied labor to its rights. Blues for Mister Charlie therefore uses literary weapons that were established in this country many years ago. To make a brief idea about the story, Blues for Mister Charlie is based on theRead MoreBrief Survey of American Literature3339 Words   |  14 PagesAgrarians Poets, novelists, critics (the New Criticism) - John Crowe Ransom - Robert Penn Warren - Allen Tate - Cleanth Brooks Modern Drama Social criticism - Elmer Rice, The Adding Machine (1923) - Clifford Odets (leftist playwright), Waiting for Lefty (1935) Symbolism Expressionism - Eugene O’Neill (1888-1953) Eugene O’Neill (1888-1953) Emperor Jones (1920) The Hairy Ape (1921) Desire Under the Elms (1924) The Iceman Cometh (1939) Long Day’s Journey Into Night

Inherent Risk for Financial Report Level - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theInherent Risk for Financial Report Level. Answer: Introduction The scope of this paper bounces from the examination of the employability of such contemporary issues in a Corporation called One.Tel in Australia. This firm has undertaken its operations within the telecommunication business commencing in the 1995 emerging from its launch in Sydney. This argument furthermore deliberates inherent risk in the One.Tel Company financial reports together with issues of ongoing concern. Factors Affecting Inherent Risk: Financial Report Level The inherent risk remains amongst the audit risks within the risks assessment management. Audit risk entails 3 risks classes. These classes include inherent, control as well detection risk. The audit risk is considered the outcome of the 3 risks visible above. It may be met through auditing performance which in this setting is One.Tel Company. Inherent risk is, therefore, a component of audit that is motivated by extensive misstatement within financial statement (Coetsee, 2010). Imprecision takes place in a companys audit statement due to embezzle essential control measures application. Inherent risks arise characteristically due to omissions errors at the point of balancing the business books of account. In One.Tel scenario, inherent risks could have risen following failures together with ineffective control measures application. The occurrence of flops due to inherent risks could follow oversight together with deceiving practices. An increase in inherent risks ensues due to particular factors within the corporates internal environment. Management Authenticity The upsurge in inherent risks in this One.Tel case might have resulted from the incompetency of board of the directors. The management of the One.Tel firm is encompassed of 9 members having unlike controls together with privileges. The board is covered five none-executive members constituting the conventional board memberships. Extra four executive members having a chockfull decree to everyone in the One.Tel. The gradation at which inherent risk is bumping in One.Tel is astonishing anchored on to the provided statement. The members are obligated to numerous duties together with authorization of business and monetary strategies, recognizing and addressing issues of important facing One.Tel as a business, appraising as well as monitoring processes of management and reporting contrivances, overseeing financial performance alongside nomination of the executive management team. The business has full-grown to an edge whereby the management can never meet entire responsibilities. The directors are progressively likely to hide their unlucky statuses, therefore, declining to yield financial statements throughout auditing occasioning a rise in the inherent risk due to insufficient management. Management Understanding, Awareness Besides Variations throughout the Period The ineptitude in business management also knowledge deficiency intensifies unsuitable financial report preparation culminating to augmented inherent risk. Where the auditor recognizes unvarying employee turnover in vital management positions, this risk upsurges since truthful personalities are likely to resign their positions in its place of spreading certain fraud. This normally transpires where the establishment inflates summarily as simulated in the condition of One.Tel Business. Rare Compression on Management of Organization There might be incentives for the management to pervert the financial report increasing the inherent risk. The enticements in could be furthermore from the interior environment or the outside environment. The stimuli might be cash-flow tests, deprived rationing of liquidity, unlucky operation consequences because of the management restriction together with work overstating along with assemblage of management remuneration pay structures connected to share capital and earnings. This might lead to increase in inherent risk since management might be convinced to parody operation and financial statements to get specific bonus. Business Nature of One.Tels Operation Numerous issues have now been documented in the business or industry where One.Tel Business trades. The corporate has a multi-layered investment connotation that is the aid to increased inherent risk. The obtainability of associated-party transactions similar to the business shareholders would similarly promote inherent risk since the operations are not ever with the self-directed regulating share. The corporate has capital share transactions which dictate amplified financial knowledge to audit since such operations persist complex. Telecommunication industries have maybe compensations until they install a standing, together with a reliable income source shall be inherent risk. This industry is facing challenges that need the companies in the business to employ instrument for controls to be stable and stay relevant in this business. Novel economies face high inherent risk compared advanced economies. Factors Affecting Telecommunication Industry Variances in companies alongside competitive environs would be predictable to have a notable influence on inherent risk of a business including One.Tel in this sector. Features like income disparity alongside growth in definite service providers of telecommunication might culminate to an upsurge in inherent risk through financial statement provisions. Via risk assessment segment the corporate audit team goes through the risks documented analogous to the inherent risk deliberated above. The auditor evaluates the influences of the risks by fair assessment. Risks assessment results into dual types of risks which in this situation is the inherent risk. The identified risk is a basics of financial statements substantial misstatement stimulated by common factors. Influences linked to scam might be documented through growth course of strategy whereas such features that surge inherent risk owing to deception detectible via s.316 of AU. INHERENT RISK FACTORS FOR INCREASED INHERENT RISK ASSESSMENT: Account Balance Level Accounts probable to need modification In the condition in which account books demand vagaries, the inherent risk could stay high because of plentiful errors carried onward. The omission could ensue causing a rise in the inherent risk whereby the accounts books are being accustomed. Complexity of Fundamental Dealings In case the transaction through a financial year is multifarious, it is credible that there will be an increase in inherent risk. In inspection of One.Tel Company, the accounts books labels multi-layered types of transactions similar to stockholder's disparity, dividend alongside reserves might be thought-provoking to understand concluding in astonishing inherent risk at the accounting level. Conclusion Engaged in Account Balances Determination The kind of judgment abutted by the auditor through the course of auditors balancing is likely to effect inherent risk. If the account report on a specific deal might be convinced by some issues in the corporate. Such judgments might be verbalized by the kind of operation together with the pressure on administration. Vulnerability of Assets to Misappropriation or Loss The businesss assets vulnerability to misappropriations or loss results in increased inherent risk accounting level. Through the transaction entries, it is noticeable that unsure misappropriation of an asset lead to increased inherent risk. For instance, taking misplacement of asset to obligation could end in flowed inherent risk (Kerler and Brandon 2010). Unusual and Complex Transactions Occurrence at or Near Year-End The striking transactions incidence through the financial year has a believable increase in inherent risk. When an unaccustomed transaction occurs exactly towards the termination of financial year, more likelihoods of bloopers accounts books. Such unrelated procedures could be a probationary to the auditor together with accountants. It might culminate to enormous inherent risk. Wherever a specific deal is challenging, the auditors could end up incorrectly inserting items in accounts books, consequently, increase inherent risk. Dealings not Subject to Normal Processing The upsurge in the inherent risk rate is great at the accounting level once the transactions which need unaccustomed processing are made. In such occasion, the auditor of a corporate entity similar to One.Tel Company might make errors important to an upsurge in inherent risk (Herda and Lavelle 2012). Going Concern Assesment The framework of GAAP reporting obliges the administration to upshot a hassled conclusion on the foundation of going concern subject. This idea shapes on the valuation by the auditor a low, medium or high or in connotation to inherent risk together with control risk. The risk uncovering during the appraisal is nailed at the bottommost level to resolve the audit risk at a degree recommended. Slenderest unearthing of risk might be accomplished via augmentation of space test (Iwu and Xesha 2011). It remains understandable from the overhead conversation that a going concern could be what's more be high, medium or low contingent to the upstairs three types of risks. The going concern subject in comparative to One.Tels instance might be attached to high. Inherent risk in financial statement of the company is reflected high since it works under tremendously controlled business. The going concern of One.Tel Company in this condition, is observed high. Additional issues like detective together with control risk seem high founded on the corporate entitys nature (Lpez and Peters 2012). It remains ostensible that a going concern level be dependent progressively on the kind of risks obtainable in financial statement. In case of stubby audit risk, the going concern nature remains diminutive whereas when the varieties of risk is high/medium, it is what's more high/ low. Notwithstanding the perfection of such a hypothesis, it endure pretty inspiring to normalize the following circumstances which might conclude in the continuous going concern request (Reichelt and Wang 2010). The nature of going concern in in One.Tel corporate remained contingent to the specified financial framework employability. The going concern foundation must be appropriately evaluated (medium/high/low) as virtual in audit risk perspective. Supplementary variables together with audit period, opinion, milieu of business, together with management team additionally command the contemplation of going concern (Chung et al. 2012). Conclusion In summary, it stays undeniable that thoroughgoing control risk subjects could have been recognized by auditors. Yet, the auditors never reported exactly as a result of outside together with internal compressions. A superior share of Australian auditors recognize furthest risk characteristics control of One.Tel as a stimulating task due to threat to auditors independence. Aspects of inherent risk might be watched for opportune management whereby control dynamics are presented. Assessment assumption of audit addresses inherent, control besides detective risk materials. One.Tels case unveils that auditors continue likely to discourse inherent risk through assessment of risks since the numbers of directors were limited. References Chung, J.O., Cullinan, C.P., Frank, M., Long, J.H., Mueller-Phillips, J. and O'Reilly, D.M., 2012. The auditor's approach to subsequent events: Insights from the academic literature. Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory, 32(sp1), pp.167-207. Coetsee, D., 2010. The role of accounting theory in the development of accounting principles. Meditari Accountancy Research, 18(1), pp.1-16. Herda, D.N. and Lavelle, J.J., 2012. Auditor commitment to privately held clients and its effect on value-added audit service. Auditing: A journal of practice theory, 32(1), pp.113-137. Iwu, C.G. and Xesha, D., 2011. Used Bookstore as a Vehicle for Improved Learning and Development: The Case of a South Africans Tertiary Institution. Kerler, W.A. and Brandon, D.M., 2010. The effects of trust, client importance, and goal commitment on auditors' acceptance of client-preferred methods. Advances in Accounting, 26(2), pp.246-258. Lpez, D.M. and Peters, G.F., 2012. The effect of workload compression on audit quality. Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory, 31(4), pp.139-165. Reichelt, K.J. and Wang, D., 2010. National and office?specific measures of auditor industry expertise and effects on audit quality. Journal of Accounting Research, 48(3), pp.647-686.

UK in the world trade free essay sample

Contentss Page Introduction2 1 Economic development as a factor of external trade3 1.1 .. Agriculture. 3 1.2 .. Manufacturing. 5 1.3 The service sector6 1.4 .. Transportation. 8 2 Foreign trade12 2.1 . The foreign trade turnover, exports, imports. 12 2.2 . The geographics of foreign trade in the UK.13 2.3 . The foreign trade government, ordinance of foreign trade activities. 15 2.4.The influence of planetary economic crisis on the foreign trade of Great Britain. 16 Conclusion19 Bibliography20 Appendixes21 Introduction Introduction Nowadays, international integrating is so advanced that most states are transnational, even though in the fifteenth century to see people from other states and even metropoliss can be rather rare, most of these were merchandisers. That is why trade was the beginning of international integrating. It began to bind trade to international dealingss between states, it helped to spread out the scope of goods and services, increase employment, every bit good as, in rule, increase the figure of people in the universe. Britain is one of the most of import states in trade, because of the developed conveyance system. We will write a custom essay sample on UK in the world trade or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The United Kingdom has ever played an of import function on the universe phase. It has been mother state of the industrial revolution, which marked the beginning of mass production. Therefore, the function of Britain in international trade is a serious job, particularly in the context of universe crisis, because who knows, possibly the United Kingdom will play an of import function in get the better ofing the crisis. The state of affairs of Great Britain in universe trade has non been reviewed yet by anyone straight. Maksakovsky V.P. and Lomakin V.P. examined the function of Britain in the planetary economic system. Khesin E. engaged in a job of general commissariats of the United Kingdom in the universe and the universe economic system. The Internet besides gives some statistics that should be systematized. The intent of my class work is to place the function of Britain in international trade. To accomplish this end I set myself ends: see the impact of economic development for the proviso of universe trade ; to depict the international trade and place the impact of planetary economic crisis on it. The object of my research is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The capable external state of affairs of the state. To accomplish this end, I reviewed the literature on this subject, every bit good as systematized statistical information from the Internet. Course paper consists of two chapters, debut and decision. 1. Economic development as a factor of external trade 1. Economic development as a factor of external trade1.1. Agribusiness 1.1. Agribusiness Britain s land surface is minimum compared to many other states, but British agribusiness is really intensive and extremely productive. During the twentieth century end product rose steadily, although the addition slowed toward the terminal of the century, and agricultural labour became more productive. The betterment was due to inventions in farm machinery, biological technology of seeds and workss, and the increased usage of fertilisers, pesticides, and weedkillers. Consequently, imports of nutrient, provender, and drinks dropped from 36 per centum of entire imports in 1955 to 11 per centum in 1985, and to 10 per centum by 1994. Compared to other states in the European Union, Britain s agricultural sector is much smaller in footings of employment and part to the GDP. In the early 2000s agribusiness employed about 1.4 per centum of the work force and contributed 1.0 per centum of the GDP. [ 1 ] Many of Britain s full-time farms are devoted to livestock farming-raising cowss for dairy merchandises or beef, or raising sheep for wool and meat. The intervention of farm animate beings became a turning concern in Britain in the late twentieth century. Factory agriculture of poulets produced protests, as did the pattern of raising calves in confined infinites. Concerns over animate being public assistance have led some British citizens to go vegetarians. Grave concern arose in the 1980s over cowss infected with bovine spongiform brain disorder ( BSE ) , popularly known as huffy cow disease. Human existences who eat infected beef may develop Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease ( CJD ) . BSE was foremost discovered in Britain in 1986, and the British authorities took stairss to eliminate the disease and compensate husbandmans for lost cowss. Consumer assurance in British beef declined, and in 1996 the European Union banned Britain from exporting any beef or beef byproducts. After considerable action by the authorities to hold the spread of the disease, the EU lifted the prohibition in 1999. Livestock husbandmans in Britain faced another crisis in 2001, when several instances of foot-and-mouth disease were detected in a British abattoir. The extremely infective viral disease, which seldom infects worlds, can rapidly stultify cowss, sheep, hogs, and other animate beings with bisulcate hooves. The dangers of foot-and-mouth disease are mostly economic, since infected animate beings frequently lose weight or halt bring forthing milk. As the eruption spread across the British countryside, the British authorities ordered the slaughter of more than 1 million animate beings to incorporate the virus. Cases of the disease were besides detected in Belgium, France, and Ireland, taking to the devastation of herds in those states. Most harvest agriculture in Britain takes topographic point in eastern and south cardinal England and in eastern Scotland. The taking harvests in the early 2000s were wheat, sugar Beta vulgariss, murphies, barley, and rapeseed. As concern has grown about the usage of fertilisers, pesticides, and biologically engineered seeds and their consequence on the environment, some husbandmans have turned to organic agriculture, with support from the authorities. [ 2 ] The British authorities began subsidising the monetary values paid for agricultural merchandises after World War II as a manner to do farming profitable. In 1973 Britain joined the European Economic Community ( EEC, now the European Union ) , and since so agricultural policy has been determined chiefly by the EU s Common Agricultural Policy ( CAP ) . [ 3 ]This policy seeks to maintain the agricultural market stable, guarantee that husbandmans earn a just life, and supply consumers with low-cost nutrient supplies. As a consequence of EU policies, merchandises coming into Britain from non-EU states are taxed, excess merchandises are bought and stored for subsequently sale, and the cost of exports is subsidized if monetary values are low. The British have criticized CAP, chiefly because the British agriculture sector is smaller than the agrarian sectors of most EU states. British husbandmans receive less pecuniary support from the EU than British taxpayers and consumers pay into CAP, and some British taxpayers and consumers feel they are back uping inefficient European husbandmans. Criticism has increased as greater agricultural outputs around the universe have led to more CAP subsidies for European agribusiness. CAP implemented assorted reforms in 1992 to cut down costs, subsidies, and reserves of groceries, such as the excesss of butter and vino in the 1970s and 1980s. Farmers have been encouraged to take land out of production, to follow environmentally sound farming methods even though this may diminish production, and to put production quotas on certain merchandises in an attempt to cut down the sum of subsidy money they receive. Even so, CAP policies designed to protect little farms, peculiarly in France and Germany, continue to anger British taxpayers. 1.2. Manufacturing 1.2. Fabrication The history of fabrication in Britain is alone because of Britain s function as the place of birth of the Industrial Revolution. During the Middle Ages the production of woollen fabrics was a cardinal industry in Britain. In the 16th and 17th centuries, new industries developed. These included silk weaving, garment devising, and the fabrication of chapeaus, clayware, and cutter. [ 4 ]All of these operations were by and large conducted in little trade stores and were labour-intensive. In the eighteenth century a figure of alterations in British society prepared the manner for the Industrial Revolution. Colonial and commercial enlargement created markets in North America, Africa, and parts of Asia. Coal and Fe excavation developed as Britain s dwindling woods created the demand for another energy beginning, and new smelting techniques made Fe implements cheaper to bring forth. An agricultural revolution in the eighteenth century introduced new harvests and harvest rotary motion techniques, better engendering methods, and mechanical devices for cultivation. This coincided with a rapid addition in population, in portion due to better hygiene and diets, supplying both consumers and workers for the new fabrication operations. During the Industrial Revolution new methods of fabrication merchandises were developed. Alternatively of being made by manus, many merchandises were made by machine. Production moved from little trade stores to mills, and population shifted to urban countries where these mills were located. Cotton fabric mills utilizing freshly developed steam-powered machines produced more goods at a lower cost per point. Fabrics, ship building, Fe, and steel emerged as of import industries, and coal remained the most of import industrial fuel. The Industrial Revolution dramatically raised the overall criterion of life. The construction of British industry changed well in the last half of the twentieth century. The coal excavation and cotton fabric industries declined aggressively. As coal production declined, oil production replaced it as a major industry. Motor vehicle production became a important portion of the industrial base but was capable to severe foreign competition. As incomes increased, consumer demand rose for lasting goods such as autos and kitchen contraptions. British industrial production besides expanded into communications equipment, including fibre optics, computing machines, computer-controlled machine tools, and automatons. Turning industries in recent decennaries include paper merchandises and publication ; chemicals, such as pharmaceuticals ; gum elastic and plastics ; and electronic and optical equipment. Scotland is besides a major manufacturer of computing machines. The alleged Silicon Glen between Glasgow and Edinburgh employs 1000s of people in the electronics industry and is the site of many abroad computing machine houses. Scotland and Northern Ireland are still noted for their production of whisky and fabrics, particularly linen from Northern Ireland and tweed from Scotland. About 12 per centum of the work force was engaged in fabrication in the early 2000s, and fabrication accounted for about 16 per centum of the gross domestic merchandise ( GDP ) . [ 5 ] 1.3. The service sector 1.3. The service sector One mark of a extremely developed state is a big and sophisticated service sector. When a state s economic system matures, its service sector grows quickly while its fabrication sector stabilizes or diminishes. This was the instance with Britain. In the early 2000s Britain s service sector accounted for about three-quarterss of the GDP and employed about fourth-fifths of the work force. The service industries include finance, retailing, wholesaling, touristry, concern services, conveyance, insurance, investing, advertisement, public dealingss, market research, instruction, disposal, and authorities and professional services. Britain developed sophisticated banking, fiscal, insurance, and transporting operations every bit early as the seventeenth century to back up its spread outing international ocean trade. Lloyd s of London, an early insurance house, began when a figure of people willing to subvention, or insure, the success of ocean trips gathered on a regular basis at Lloyd s Coffee House in London to portion transporting intelligence. Lloyd s now insures about half of the universe s transportation and ladings every bit good as much of the aircraft industry. Banking and fiscal services have ever played an of import portion in London s economic system, and degrees of specialisation and expertness have been high. This has attracted ever-larger sums of concern from an progressively planetary economic system. Today, London has the largest concentration of international Bankss in the universe and is the universe s prima centre for currency trading. Leeds, Manchester, Cardiff, Liverpool, Edinburgh, and Glasgow have developed as fiscal centres in recent decennaries. London is besides the universe s prima centre for insurance and handles 20 per centum of the universe s insurance concern. The fiscal services sector expanded particularly quickly after the deregulating of the stock exchange in 1986. By the early 2000s fiscal and other concern services, including existent estate, accounted for more than one-quarter of Britain s GDP and employed about one-fifth of the work force. [ 6 ] Several important developments in the service sector took topographic point toward the terminal of the twentieth century. Telecommunications became a dynamic growing industry, and independent retailing declined aggressively. The leisure industry grew dynamically, commanding an increasing proportion of consumer disbursement. Organizations providing to international conferences and exhibitions besides have been a growing country. These organisations have been peculiarly successful because Britain is one of the universe s top locations for concern meetings and trade shows. Tourism has become an progressively of import economic sector in Britain, using at least 7 per centum of the work force. Britain is one of the universe s top tourer finishs, yearly pulling about 25 million abroad visitants in the early 2000s # 8212 ; more than a 50 per centum addition over the early 1980s. Under the Development of Tourism Act of 1969, a authorities organisation, the British Tourist Authority, was set up to pull abroad visitants and to better tourer adjustment and travel conditions. [ 7 ] 1.4. Transportation system 1.4. Transportation system Britain has historically been an pioneer and universe leader in many signifiers of transit, from transporting to inveigh systems to air power. Transport services make close 8 % GDP of the United Kingdom. In their grant, including immediate industries, about 1.4 million individuals are busy. [ 8 ] Because Britain is an island, transportation has been of import for centuries. The irregular coastlines of the British Isles provide many natural seaports, and Britain s gentle, navigable rivers have ever been contributing to transporting. Seafaring accomplishments were straight connected to Britain s growing as a naval power. Equally early as the sixteenth century Britain defeated Spain, its greatest challenger at sea. In the 17th and 18th centuries France was defeated, so Germany in the early twentieth century. Prior to World War II, Britain had the largest merchandiser fleet in the universe, a fleet that sailed throughout the huge British Empire and was protected by the Royal Navy. Britain continued to be the universe leader in transporting until World War II, when pigboat onslaughts by Germany sank many British vass and the enormous end product of the American ship building industry made the United States the universe leader. Today many British transportation houses operate under foreign flags to avoid the more rigorous British transportation ordinances, including higher rewards for crews. Most British rider transporting involves ferry trips to the continent of Europe or to Ireland. Oil tankers transporting oil and dry majority ladings make up the bulk of pelagic transportation. British ports were nationalized in the late fortiess, and in recent old ages most have moved into the private sector or are governed by independent trusts. The most of import port in the United Kingdom is London ; other of import commercial ports are at Forth in Scotland, Grimsby and Birmingham in eastern England, Liverpool in western England, and Southampton and Dover in southern England. Canals were built in Britain to associate rivers, and most of Britain s canals were built as portion of the transit revolution that took topographic point between 1750 and 1840. Canals were built by packs of labourers known as sailing masters, a name that came from their undertaking of making channels of inland pilotage. This term was shortly shortened to drudges. The canals were of import during the Industrial Revolution for transporting goods, but by the 1830s they had to vie with the new railroads, which rapidly surpassed them. Thereafter, canals were used to transport highly bulky stuffs. [ 9 ] Today Britain has approximately 3,200 kilometers ( about 2,000 myocardial infarctions ) of canals and navigable rivers, of which about 620 kilometers ( about 390 myocardial infarction ) are commercial waterways. The most of import of these are the Manchester Ship Canal, which is the largest canal in Britain ; the Thames ; and the Caledonian Canal across northern Scotland, which provides a navigable waterway associating the North Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. The remainder of the rivers and canals are used for diversion and form portion of Britain s historical heritage. [ 10 ] The Victorian epoch was besides known as the Railway Age. The railway can be considered the kid of the British coal mines because carts on paths were used to hale coal. These precursors of the railway were so combined with steam engines, which led to farther technological inventions. An added advantage in the development of railwaies in Britain was that the most populated parts of the state, where this manner of transit was needed, were comparatively level. The universe s first public railroad was the Stockton and Darlington, which opened in 1825. A period of feverish railroad edifice followed for the following one-fourth century as different companies competed to put path. It was a monolithic project that employed huge ground forcess of labourers and altered the British landscape by delving through hills and building Bridgess and tunnels. In a short clip the basic grid of Britain s railroads was in topographic point. [ 11 ] Over the ensuing century smaller railroad companies were absorbed or unify vitamin D into a few big companies. In 1948 the authorities nationalized the four staying companies, and in the sixtiess they became the British Railways Board. In 1955 a modernisation plan began to replace steam trains with Diesel and electric 1s. The last steam engine was withdrawn in 1968. Around this clip intense competition from route conveyance made it necessary to cut costs, and many unprofitable subdivision railroad lines closed. [ 12 ] Railwaies were portion of the moving ridge of denationalization that took topographic point in the early 1990s. The complicated process was based on the Railway Act of 1993. The substructure, including paths and train operations, was put into the custodies of Rail path, a government-owned company that was privatized by selling stock to private investors. Passenger operations were split into 25 runing units, each franchised to a private house given the right to supply rider service to a peculiar part of Britain. [ 13 ]In 1995 cargo operations in Britain were divided among private companies based in different parts of the state. The authorities appoints a rail regulator and a franchising manager to guarantee that rail agreements are just to companies and riders. The moves to to the full privatise BR were extremely combative and generated considerable unfavorable judgment within Britain. The fractured nature of rail organisation was forcefully brought place in the late ninetiess and early 2000s with a series of high-profile rail accidents. The accidents were blamed in portion on the separation of ownership of rail and turn overing stock and on the demands of privatized companies to supply stockholder income at the sensed disbursal of rider safety. After a clang in 2000 in Hertfordshire caused by faulty tracks, the full railroad web was examined and path replaced, taking to severe holds to inveigh journeys for months. Rail path was replaced in 2003 by Network Rail, a not-for-profit company. [ 14 ] A railroad tunnel beneath the English Channel was completed in 1993, linking England and the European continent. The chief Channel Tunnel, which is 50.4 kilometer ( 32 myocardial infarction ) long, runs from Folkston, England, to Calais, France. Trains carry both riders and cargo through the tunnel. Motorists can drive their autos on and off the train. The trip through the tunnel takes about 35 proceedingss. [ 15 ] 2. Foreign trade 2. Foreign trade2.1. The foreign trade turnover, exports, imports 2.1. The foreign trade turnover, exports, imports In 2007, Britain s foreign trade turnover decreased in comparing with 2006 by 2.5 % and amounted to 521.1 mlrd.f.st. In 2007, there has been a important addition in absolute value of the negative balance of trade of Great Britain ( at 31.6 mlrd.f.st. ) to 89.8 mlrd.f.st. [ 16 ] The value of exports fell by 10.2 % and amounted to 218.9 mlrd.f.st. , with its volume decreased by 1.0 % . Reduced mean export monetary values were 9.3 % and had a decisive influence on the kineticss of British exports in general. In 2007, the UK largest portion of exports accounted for by machinery and equipment ( 24.3 % ) , vehicles ( 13.8 % ) , mineral merchandises ( 10.9 % ) , merchandises of chemical industry ( 16.0 % ) . [ 17 ] There was an addition in export cargos for wide merchandise groups such as animate being and vegetable fats and oils ( 12.6 % ) , assorted manufactured goods ( 9.9 % ) , merchandises of vegetable beginning ( 9.6 % ) , basal metals and articles of them ( 9.1 % ) , conveyance ( 8.2 % ) , unrecorded animate beings, carnal merchandises ( 6,5 % ) , cherished metals and rocks ( 6.2 % ) , prepared groceries ( 6.1 % ) , paper mush ( 5.8 % ) , chemicals ( 3.2 % ) . In 2007 he dropped the British exports of machinery, equipment and machinery ( at 36.9 % ) , instruments and setup ( by 5.5 % ) , wood ( at 3.2 % ) , mineral merchandises ( by 3,2 % ) . [ 18 ] The value of imports increased by 2.2 % and reached 308.9 mlrd.f.st. , while its volume increased by 1.2 % , while mean import monetary values by 1.1 % . The footing of British imports was machinery and equipment ( 23.4 % ) , vehicles ( 15.0 % ) , mineral merchandises ( 10.4 % ) , chemicals ( 9.9 % ) . [ 19 ] There was an addition in imports of lumber ( at 14.3 % ) , cherished metals and merchandises thereof ( 13.1 % ) , assorted industrial merchandises ( 12.6 % ) , carnal and vegetable oils and fats ( 11.5 % ) , merchandises chemical industry ( 9.5 % ) , finished nutrient merchandises ( 73 % ) , conveyance ( 7.2 % ) , merchandises of vegetable beginning ( 6.7 % ) , plastics and merchandises thereof ( 5.3 % ) fabrics and fabric merchandises ( 1.8 % ) , mineral merchandises ( 1.1 % ) . At the same clip reduced the import of instruments and setup ( by 8.7 % ) , machinery, equipment and machinery ( 7.1 % ) , cherished metals and rocks ( 5.1 % ) . [ 20 ] 2.2. The geographics of foreign trade in the UK. 2.2. The geographics of foreign trade in the UK. In 2007, major trading spouses, Britain has remained the European Union states ( 55.9 % of British foreign trade turnover in 2006 57.4 % ) , including Germany ( 13,0 % ) , France ( 7.5 % ) , Netherlands ( 7.2 % ) . The chief spouses from other parts were the U.S. ( 11.1 % ) , Norway ( 3.3 % ) and Japan ( 2.3 % ) . United Kingdom is besides actively carried out foreign trade in goods with the states of BRIC ( 7.8 % of British trade ) . In the list of the top 20 trade spouses of Great Britain there is Russia, which in 2007 took 16 topographic point ( for 2006 17 ) with the weights in the UK turnover of 1.6 % ( in 2006 # 8211 ; 1.5 % ) . [ 21 ] Among the States the trading spouses of Great Britain received the most dynamic development of trade with China, the growing of trade turnover which amounted to 19.8 % , India 14.4 % Ireland 3.9 % Brazil 9.6 % , Russia 4,8 % , Hungary 10,8 % , the Czech Republic 12.3 % , Germany 0,9 % . In 2007, significantly reduced the volume of trade with France ( by 21.9 % ) , Spain ( 13.0 % ) , Denmark ( 34.8 % ) , Portugal ( 43.7 % ) , Luxembourg ( 70.1 % ) , Cyprus ( 75.1 % ) , South Africa ( 13.9 % ) , Belgium ( 3.7 % ) and Sweden ( at 8.5 % ) . In 2007 British geographical variegation of foreign trade was narrowed a spot. At the 20 major merchandising spouses, the UK had 80.2 % of its turnover ( in 2006 79.6 % ) . Among the most of import UK export markets were: Russia ( the growing of exports 35.8 % ) , Norway ( 30.1 % ) , China ( 15.3 % ) , Ireland ( 1.6 % ) , India ( 9.6 % ) , Brazil ( 17.1 % O ) . Significantly reduced the export of British merchandises in Canada ( 15.2 % ) , Switzerland ( 10.2 % ) , Turkey ( 6.0 % ) , Japan ( 6.3 % ) and Hong Kong ( 7.7 % ) . Britain s quickly turning imports from EU states ( at 1.9 % ) , China ( 20.8 % ) , Canada ( 16.4 % ) , India ( 18.4 % ) , Turkey ( 17.8 % ) , Switzerland ( 9.0 % ) , Singapore ( 7.2 % ) . In bend, reduced imports from Portugal ( by 49.0 % ) , Denmark ( at 27.2 % ) , Cyprus ( at 86.2 % ) , South Africa ( at 20.8 % ) , Luxembourg ( 55.3 % at ) Hong Kong ( at 6.8 % ) , Russia ( at 6.2 % ) . The excess in ware trade in the UK in 2007 had to Ireland ( 6.3 mlrd.f.st. ) , United States ( 6.0 mlrd.f.st. ) , Greece ( 0.7 mlrd.f.st. ) , Ukraine ( 0.3 mlrd.f.st. ) , Australia ( 0.3 mlrd.f.st. ) , Cyprus ( 0.2 mlrd.f.st. ) . Geography of distribution of British foreign trade in 2007[ 22 ] export import Trade turnover between Britain and the provinces members of CIS in 2007 increased compared with 2006 by 0.9 % to 10,7 mlrd.f.st. The proportion of the Russian Federation in this figure 77.6 % ( period 2006 74,8 % ) . UK Imports from the States the CIS amounted to 6.7 mlrd.f.st. decreased by 8.3 % . In entire volume of British imports and the low proportion of CIS is 2,2 % with 81,7 % of its value consists of Russian bringings ( in 2006 2.4 % and 79.9 % severally ) . A British export to the States Members of the CIS in 2007 was equal to 4.0 mlrd.f.st. ( an addition of 21.4 % ) , of which 70.8 % was accounted for by bringings to the Russian Federation ( 2006 63,3 % ) . This is tantamount to 1.8 % of British exports. 2.3. The foreign trade government, ordinance of foreign trade activities 2.3. The foreign trade government, ordinance of foreign trade activities The foreign trade government of the UK based on the norms and regulations of international trade, developed under the GATT / WTO, EU and national statute law. State ordinance of foreign trade activity is carried out with the application of imposts duties, non-tariff steps, proficient barriers ( criterions, regulations and ordinances ) , other regulators ( e.g. , insurance and export recognition supply ) . An export from the UK is carried out without limitations, with the exclusion of certain merchandises capable to export control and licensing. Among them: Industrial merchandises, which can be used for military intents, although they ab initio were non specifically designed for such intents ( e.g. , computing machines, equipment in the field of electronics and trial equipment, machines, equipment in the field of communications, radio detection and ranging installings and civilian aircraft ) ; Military equipment, such as weaponries, ammo, armored combat vehicles, military aircraft and ships, industrial merchandises, specially designed for military intents ; Production associated with the production of atomic arms, including atomic stuffs, atomic reactors and equipment for treating atomic stuff ; Original points of chemical weaponries ; Old-timers and plants of art ; Some merchandises were exported to the United States ; [ 23 ] Applications for export licences to a figure of states subject to the transition of the particular processs. A list of these states is contained in the ordinances on export control and export control governments brought to British exporters. In the country of duty ordinance of imports is the chief instrument integrated Rates Great Britain, which includes a incorporate imposts duty and statistical terminology of the EU, every bit good as a consonant system of description and cryptography. Most goods imported into the UK without limitation. However, in order to protect the national economic system, the execution of international committednesss and national consumer protection is limited import of weaponries, ammo, explosives and other unsafe goods, nutrient and agricultural trade goods, including farm animal, medical specialties and medical supplies. In order to protect the internal market applies anti-dumping, offseting and safeguard steps. Prominent among the proficient steps of export-import operations took sanitary-epidemiological and quarantine demands for imported goods. The most rigorous State control is carried out with the importing of unrecorded animate beings and birds. Makes high demands for conformity with criterions, packaging and labeling merchandises. In some instances ( e.g. , for hi-tech machinery, including air power ) , the UK criterions are more rigorous than applicable in the EU. The ordinance of foreign economic composite of Great Britain has a figure of authorities bureaus, among which the taking function played by the Ministry for Business, Enterprise and reform of province ordinance. The competency of the Ministry of the issues of competition, entrepreneurship, little concern support, employment, insolvency ordinance of markets for goods and services. The ordinance of international fiscal activities ( investing, banking, insurance ) exercises control over the service of fiscal markets ( Financial Services Authority ) , with a broad scope of powers. [ 24 ] 2.4. The influence of planetary economic crisis on the foreign trade of Great Britain 2.4. The influence of planetary economic crisis on the foreign trade of Great Britain The shortage of foreign trade of Great Britain in December dropped aggressively to 7.4 billion lbs, which exceeded outlooks for rate decrease. This was the lowest trade shortage since June 2007, when the figure stood at 7.0 billion lbs. Reducing the trade shortage the United Kingdom due to the addition in trade with states outside the EU. This was reported on Tuesday by the National Bureau of Statistics of Great Britain. [ 25 ] Harmonizing to economic experts interviewed by Dow Jones Newswires last hebdomad, it is expected that the shortage of foreign trade in goods in the UK will be in December, 8.1 billion lbs. [ 26 ] UK trade shortage in November was revised up to 8.1 billion lbs. Previously, it was reported that the shortage of foreign trade in goods amounted to Britain in November, 8.3 billion lbs. The trade shortage with states outside the UK the EU besides dropped aggressively -to 4.2 billion lbs from 5.2 billion lbs in November. Novembers # 8217 ; value of trade in goods shortage with states outside the EU has been revised. Previously, it was reported that in November amounted to 5.3 billion lbs. Economists predicted that the shortage of trade in goods with states outside the EU will be in December, 4.8 billion lbs. Harmonizing to published informations, exports to states outside the EU rose in December by 5 % compared with November, while imports fell by 4.5 % compared to the old month. The British lb fell somewhat more than 33 % against the euro and 31 % against the U.S. dollar in 2008. This diminution may be merely get downing to hold a positive impact on foreign trade in Goods UK. [ 27 ] Oil trade shortage declined in Britain in December to 0.2 billion lbs from 0.5 billion in November. In 2008, the entire shortage of foreign trade in oil was # 163 ; 5.8 billion against the shortage of 4.0 billion lbs in 2007. Harmonizing to the figures, the entire foreign trade shortage in goods of Great Britain in 2008 rose to 93.2 billion lbs. This was the highest figure since the get downing point of such statistics. In 2007, the shortage of foreign trade of Great Britain amounted to 89.3 billion lbs. UK trade shortage in goods with EU states in December rose to 3.2 billion lbs from 2.9 billion lbs in November. The information showed that the excess in services trade in the UK in December fell to 3.8 billion lbs from 4.1 billion lbs in November. As a consequence, the overall trade shortage in goods and services the UK in December fell to 3.6 billion lbs from 4.0 billion lbs in November. The November figure was revised. Economists predicted that the entire foreign trade shortage in December rose to 4.6 billion. Conclusion Conclusion The distinctive feature of the British economic system and its topographic point in the universe economic system reflects the characteristics of the external trade dealingss. Much of its current place in universe trade in the UK is obliged to its history and its economic and geographical state of affairs. United Kingdom one of the most economically developed states in the universe, this state of affairs started back in 16-17 centuries, and today, although it lost its former power and is no longer a universe mill , it plays a major function in universe imports and exports. This is mostly driven by development of conveyance system, the being of settlements and the comparatively big militias of coal, natural gas and oil sedimentations have been discovered comparatively late. Besides, Britain is the universe bank and is one of the most visited by tourers of the universe. But as shown by the anticipations of the specializers, possibly, Great Britain will be the most affected economically developed state in the universe because of the current crisis. This can go on because of the depreciation of the lb sterling. However, its function in international trade in the UK will non lose, because bring forthing the needed goods and services. Therefore, it is possible to reason that the success and effectivity of the work, which is reflected in the consequences. The end to place the function of the United Kingdom in universe trade has been reached. It was found that without the British universe trade reasonably be affected, but in this state of affairs the economic crisis The economic system of the UK could endure severely. This poses a new challenge to happen out how you can raise the economic system of Britain. Bibliography BibliographyAppendixs Appendixs [ 1 ]hypertext transfer protocol: //encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761553483_11/United _Kingdom.html [ 2 ] # 1057 ; # 1090 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; # 1084 ; # 1080 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1089 ; # 1077 ; # 1075 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1085 ; # 1103 ; : # 1089 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1086 ; # 1095 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1082 ; . # 1042 ; 5 # 1090 ; . # 1058 ; .1. # 1045 ; # 1074 ; # 1088 ; # 1086 ; # 1087 ; # 1072 ; / # 1048 ; # 1058 ; # 1040 ; # 1056 ; # 1058 ; # 1040 ; # 1057 ; # 1057 ; . # 8211 ; # 1052 ; . , 2006. # 8211 ; 56 # 1057 ; . [ 3 ] # 1057 ; # 1090 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; # 1084 ; # 1080 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1089 ; # 1077 ; # 1075 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1085 ; # 1103 ; : # 1089 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1086 ; # 1095 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1082 ; . # 1042 ; 5 # 1090 ; . # 1058 ; .1. # 1045 ; # 1074 ; # 1088 ; # 1086 ; # 1087 ; # 1072 ; / # 1048 ; # 1058 ; # 1040 ; # 1056 ; # 1058 ; # 1040 ; # 1057 ; # 1057 ; . # 8211 ; # 1052 ; . , 2006. # 8211 ; 58 # 1057 ; . [ 4 ] # 1057 ; # 1090 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; # 1084 ; # 1080 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1089 ; # 1077 ; # 1075 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1085 ; # 1103 ; : # 1089 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1086 ; # 1095 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1082 ; . # 1042 ; 5 # 1090 ; . # 1058 ; .1. # 1045 ; # 1074 ; # 1088 ; # 1086 ; # 1087 ; # 1072 ; / # 1048 ; # 1058 ; # 1040 ; # 1056 ; # 1058 ; # 1040 ; # 1057 ; # 1057 ; . # 8211 ; # 1052 ; . , 2006. # 8211 ; 61 # 1057 ; . [ 5 ] # 1061 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1080 ; # 1085 ; # 1045 ; . # 1042 ; # 1077 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1073 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1103 ; // # 1052 ; # 1080 ; # 1088 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1072 ; # 1103 ; # 1101 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1084 ; # 1080 ; # 1082 ; # 1072 ; # 1080 ; # 1084 ; # 1077 ; # 1078 ; # 1076 ; # 1091 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1088 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; # 1077 ; # 1101 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1084 ; # 1080 ; # 1095 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1080 ; # 1077 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1096 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1103 ; . # 8211 ; 2001, # 8470 ; 8, 102 # 1057 ; . [ 6 ]hypertext transfer protocol: //encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761553483_11/United _Kingdom.html [ 7 ]hypertext transfer protocol: //encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761553483_11/United _Kingdom.html [ 8 ] # 1061 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1080 ; # 1085 ; # 1045 ; . # 1042 ; # 1077 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1073 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1103 ; // # 1052 ; # 1080 ; # 1088 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1072 ; # 1103 ; # 1101 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1084 ; # 1080 ; # 1082 ; # 1072 ; # 1080 ; # 1084 ; # 1077 ; # 1078 ; # 1076 ; # 1091 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1088 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; # 1077 ; # 1101 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1084 ; # 1080 ; # 1095 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1080 ; # 1077 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1096 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1103 ; . # 8211 ; 2001, # 8470 ; 8, 105 # 1057 ; . [ 9 ]hypertext transfer protocol: //encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761553483_11/United _Kingdom.html [ 10 ]http//www.vneshmarket.ru/content/section_r_DC25946A-D8AB-4A7D-AD5E-B68D55EB7C23.html [ 11 ]hypertext transfer protocol: //www.economtwathch.com/world_economy/united-kingdom/index.html [ 12 ]hypertext transfer protocol: //www.studentsoftheworld.infoplays./wfb.php3? CODEPAYS=GBR [ 13 ]http//www.vneshmarket.ru/content/section_r_DC25946A-D8AB-4A7D-AD5E-B68D55EB7C23.html [ 14 ]hypertext transfer protocol: //www.studentsoftheworld.infoplays./wfb.php3? CODEPAYS=GBR [ 15 ]hypertext transfer protocol: //encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761553483_11/United _Kingdom.html [ 16 ]hypertext transfer protocol: //www.moksali.lt/referatai/referats/what-are-britain-s- main-imports-and-exports-puslapis1.html [ 17 ]hypertext transfer protocol: //foreigntrade/alumnieeni.com/exports.asp? lang=ru [ 18 ]hypertext transfer protocol: //www.grandforum.ru/index.php? PHPSESSID=tg04j5sbbijmt119f5ph6uqah2 A ; topic=2802.0: prev_next=prev [ 19 ]hypertext transfer protocol: //foreigntrade/alumnieeni.com/imports.asp? lang=ru [ 20 ]hypertext transfer protocol: //www.grandforum.ru/index.php? PHPSESSID=tg04j5sbbijmt119f5ph6uqah2 A ; topic=2802.0: prev_next=prev [ 21 ]hypertext transfer protocol: //www.moksali.lt/referatai/referats/what-are-britain-s- main-imports-and-exports-puslapis1.html [ 22 ]hypertext transfer protocol: //www.moksali.lt/referatai/referats/what-are-britain-s- main-imports-and-exports-puslapis1.html [ 23 ]hypertext transfer protocol: //www.economtwathch.com/world_economy/united-kingdom/index.html [ 24 ]hypertext transfer protocol: //www.economtwathch.com/world_economy/united-kingdom/index.html [ 25 ]hypertext transfer protocol: //www.grandforum.ru/index.php? PHPSESSID=tg04j5sbbijmt119f5ph6uqah2 A ; topic=2802.0: prev_next=prev [ 26 ]hypertext transfer protocol: //www.grandforum.ru/index.php? 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Aids Essays (1426 words) - HIVAIDS, HIV, Free Essays, Term Papers

Aids Essays (1426 words) - HIVAIDS, HIV, Free Essays, Term Papers Aids Aids by sean ross How is HIV Diagnosed? You can get tested for HIV in a number of locations including public clinics, AIDS organizations, physicians' offices, and hospitals. Many locations give the test for free. You can choose between anonymous tests, in which you do not give your name to the HealthCare provider, or confidential tests, in which you do give your name. Test sites should provide trained counselors who can offer you support and guidance, no matter what the test result.(Balch-97) An HIV test looks for the antibodies your immune system creates in response to the virus. These antibodies may not appear in your blood until three to six months after HIV infection. Therefore, a negative test for HIV does not necessarily mean you aren't infected. That's why if you are at risk for HIV infection you should get tested periodically in addition to practicing safer sex at all times. T-cell counts If you test HIV-positive, you should have frequent blood tests to determine the levels of healthy T cells. These cell counts help indicate how quickly the infection is progressing and which course of treatment is best. Normal T-cell count is 800 to 1,300 cells per cubic millimeter of blood. In the first few months after HIV infection, T-cells may decrease to 400 to 650. As infection progresses, T cells drop to a second level of 200 to 499. At this stage you can expect to have late symptoms, although this too is variable. The most life-threatening AIDS illnesses happen when T-cell levels fall below 200.(Berkow-97) Early Symptoms Once HIV enters your body through semen, vaginal secretions, blood, or human breast milk it generally takes a month or two before creating symptoms, if any (not everyone has symptoms at this stage). These initial symptoms are similar to the flu and can last three to 14 days: -Fever -Chills -Night sweats -Skin rashes -Headache -Malaise -Swollen lymph nodes (immune system organs easily felt in the neck and groin) -General discomfort(Hurst-96) Within the several months following HIV infection, you may have repeated episodes of these flu-like symptoms. After that, an average period of five to seven years will pass without another sign of HIV infection though that delay can range from a few months to more than 10 years. However, even when you don't have symptoms, the virus is still multiplying in your body, and you can spread it to other people.(Tierny-98) Later symptoms (months to years before onset of AIDS) Symptoms may include: -Fatigue -Mild weight loss -Frequent fevers and sweats -Swollen lymph glands -Persistent yeast infections -Persistent skin rashes -Pelvic inflammatory disease that does not -respond to treatment -Short term memory loss -Frequent and severe herpes infections causing mouth, genital or anal sores -Painful nerve disease (shingles) At this stage, you may have other disorders resulting from HIV infection: severe dermatitis, personality changes, intellectual impairment, peripheral neuritis (inflammation of one or more peripheral nerves), pneumonia, myocarditis (inflammation of the middle muscular layer of the heart wall), nephritis (kidney inflammation), and arthritis. (Taylor-98) AIDS As chronic HIV progresses, the immune system grows weaker and weaker until it can no longer prevent diseases and/or opportunistic infections those that would not usually happen in a person with a normal immune system). These include: Pneumonia caused by Pneumocystis carinii HIV infection of the brain (encephalitis with dementia) Toxoplasmosis of the brain (a protozoan infection) Cryptococcosis infection (a fungal infection) HIV wasting syndrome (chronically active HIV infection) Candida (yeast infections of the vagina, mouth, esophagus, trachea, bronchial tubes, or lungs) Kaposi's sarcoma (a form of skin cancer) Tuberculosis and related infections Cryptosporidiosis infection of the intestine (a protozoan infection) Herpes simplex virus infections of mouth, esophagus, and lungs Lymphoma (a cancer of the immune system) Cytomegalovirus infections of the retina and other organs(HIV positive.com) Conditions That May Be Mistaken for HIV and AIDS HIV and AIDS may involve virtually every organ in the body. Therefore, many conditions can be mistaken for HIV/AIDS, including: Cancer, especially lymphoma (causing malnutrition or weight loss) Senile dementia Gastrointestinal infection (especially parasitic) Colitis Inflammatory bowel disease Depression. Causes The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes AIDS. HIV not only attacks and destroys the white blood cells that are key to fighting infection (T4 or helper T cells), it actually uses the T cell's genetic material to multiply itself. Eventually, HIV cripples the immune system, making the infected person vulnerable to multiple

Famous and Wise Quotes About Friendship

Famous and Wise Quotes About Friendship What more can you ask God for, if you have already been gifted a good friend? True friends are difficult to find. Friendship is a flower that needs to be nurtured. Over a period of time, friendship blossoms and makes your life fragrant with love and energy. And should you need a shoulder to lean on, friendship provides you with a strong one. Read these famous quotes about friendship and gain from the experience of the experienced. Euripedes Real friendship is shown in times of trouble; prosperity is full of friends. Marlene Dietrich It is the friends that you can call at 4 a.m. that matter. George Jean Nathan Love demands infinitely less than friendship. Mahatma GandhiIt is easy enough to be friendly to ones friends. But to befriend the one who regards himself as your enemy is the quintessence of true religion. The other is mere business. Pam Brown Odd how much it hurts when a friend moves away and leaves behind only silence. Aristotle Friendship is a single soul dwelling in two bodies. Proverb God save me from my friends I can protect myself from my enemies. Mark Twain The proper office of a friend is to side with you when you are in the wrong. Nearly anybody will side with you when you are in the right. Elbert Hubbard Your friend is the man who knows all about you, and still likes you. Nigerian Proverb Hold a true friend with both your hands. Anais NinEach friend represents a world in us, a world possibly not born until they arrive, and it is only by this meeting that a new world is born. Emily DickinsonMy friends are my estate. Leo BuscagliaA single rose can be my garden... a single friend, my world. Anne Morrow LindberghMen kick friendship around like a football but it doesnt seem to break. Women treat it like glass and it goes to pieces. David Tyson GentryTrue friendship comes when the silence between two people is comfortable. Aristotle My best friend is the man who in wishing me well wishes it for my sake. C. S. LewisFriendship is born at that moment when one person says to another, What! You too? I thought I was the only one. Albert Camus How can sincerity be a condition of friendship? A taste for truth at any cost is a passion which spares nothing.

Reflection Journal Part-3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reflection Journal Part-3 - Essay Example Similarly, environmental issues, cutting edge technology, standards of practice, policies, procedures and auditable areas for the Joint Commission come under discussion at meetings of APICE. Another key aspect of APICE meetings is information sharing and deliberation on policies and processes. Typical attendees at APICE meetings are people in administrative positions such as nurse educators, infection disease nurses, Directors of Nursing, Clinical Nurse Managers, Public Health Nurses and the like. The main contention behind APICE is the prevention of and awareness regarding infectious diseases inside hospitals. Each meeting of the APICE invites a speaker to share informative information regarding disease prevention. For the July session of the APICE that I attended, the speaker was Michelle DeVires, BS, MPH, ICC and she spoke about â€Å"Peripheral IV’s: Overlook source of Infection†. Ms. DeVires was very inspiring because she was not only a public health nurse but her specialty was infection prevention. I was surprised that I could really comprehend some of the information that she was sharing with the group. She touched on a little statistics when she talked about population mean, and the frequency, standard deviation, bell curve, the probability of the p-value and many other statistical data forms. Although I thought that I would be lost, but I actually understood some of information that she was presenting. Ms. DeVires went on to discuss intervention and prevention as processes and she spoke about how hospitals needs to discontinue any IV’s that are not being utilized. Anytime an IV is in place and is not being used, it has a tendency to set up an infection. It was revealed that most infections took root when the E.R. department starts an IV. The fast paced work demands of the E.R. meant that nurses or doctors were not cleaning or using sterile techniques to clean the site

When Volunteerism Isn't Noble Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

When Volunteerism Isn't Noble - Essay Example 58-61). The Liberty High school board demanded that all its students undertake community service. All students were required to demonstrate that they have undertaken at least 60 hours of community service or other volunteerism work, failure to which they would not obtain their high school diploma (Steirer Par. 2). This requirement baffled Lynn and disturbed her immensely as she saw it as contradictory and going against the spirit of volunteerism, which should be explicitly voluntary. Lynn perceived the move as diminishing, rather than promoting the spirit of volunteerism. These decisions by the board presented Lynn with a dilemma: should she subscribe to  the program, or stay true to her principles, which itself is civil disobedience (Steirer Par. 3). For Lynn, volunteerism had always been a cherished attribute demonstrated for her extensive service as an aide in Meals on Wheels, Girl Scout, and other charity activities. The hundreds of hours she committed to the community were out of her own initiative rather than an obligation. Lynn undertook her community service but failed to submit her hours for credit, a decision that denied her a diploma. According to her, staying true to her values was more fulfilling (Steirer Par. 6). Lynn and her parent believed that the requirement for volunteerism inculcates the wrong values, besides being unconstitutional. Lynn Steirer claimed that mandatory community service for high schools infringes on students’ rights and vitiates the notion of volunteerism by twisting it into an â€Å"involuntary servitude,† an affront on freedom. Mandatory Community service is a privilege to volunteer and students bear a responsibility to contribute their talent, time, and energies towards the welfare of all, and give back part of the numerous concessions given by the community. First, communities gain significantly from the intelligence and the resourceful energies of high school students (Salamon 510).

The Blind Side Essay Example for Free

The Blind Side Essay Belonging is a sense of enlightenment felt when an individual gains an understanding of themselves in relation to others and society. Once the characters belong to their family and to themselves, belonging to society and the rest of the world becomes easy. â€Å"Looking for Alibrandi† by Marlina Marchetta and the film â€Å"The Blind Side† directed by John Lee Hancock, both show how each character gains an understanding of themselves and their family therefore leading to them to belong to society. Throughout the novel, Josie’s perceptions of herself and Nonna’s relationship undergo a significant transformation. Initially, Josie does not feel she belongs to her Nonna because of the limitations she places on her. It is only at the end of the novel that Josie learns the true heart-ache and suffering her Nonna went through for her mother. Marchetta uses the intimate feel of a diary to relate to the story of the three women bound by strong ties of family. It shows how each of the women belongs to each other and it also shows the barriers to their relationships. Linear Structure gives the book a strong sense of continuity and ensures a steady pace of the story line. At the beginning of the novel Josie says â€Å"She drives me crazy. Sometimes I have to grit my teeth sometimes to control myself†, showing that she does not feel she belongs to her Nonna. Towards the end she states â€Å"I cried because I was loved by two of the strongest women I would ever meet in my lifetime†. The discovery that she does truly belong to her Nonna encourages Josie to be her own person and to live her life emancipated from any rigid stereotypes that are barriers to belonging. Once she belongs to her Nonna, she then realises she belongs to herself, making belonging to society easier. Cultural identity is a very strong factor in Josie’s life. At first it is a barrier to her belonging to society and she rails against it as being old-fashioned and sexist. She realises towards the end of the book that her culture has made her who she is and what she is capable of becoming. Throughout the novel her references to her culture are often sarcastic or mocking. Josie asserts light heartedly that without the Italian tendency for being chatty and loud â€Å"Telecom would go broke†. Marchetta uses humour to show how Josie speaks with the voice of today’s youth and she speaks of issues that are contemporary and with which readers can relate to. Initially, at school especially, she feels victimised by her race and doesn’t belong. She is bitter and resentful to those not like her and often resorts to physical abuse in response to ‘wog’ insults. â€Å"Simply because like religion, culture is nailed into you so deep you can’t escape it†. This conveys that even though sometimes Josie wishes she wasn’t Italian that makes her who she is. After she learns to accept that towards the end of the novel, she starts to belong to herself and to her culture and then making it easier to belong to her school. At first Josie does not feel as if she belongs to her family, however she comes to a realisation that her culture isn’t a barrier to her belonging; she can then belong to herself and to society. Just like Josie, Michael Oher realises that his race isn’t a barrier to belonging to his family, he belongs to himself and he becomes accepted in society.

A Thousand Voices :: Thousand Voices Essays

A Thousand Voices I cannot speak for the rest of the world, consisting of girly girls and manly men, but I can speak for myself. Virginia Woolf is right on target in saying that every human being has a male half and a female half-I believe this because I am a living example; I think we all are. Julie always gives me scornful looks when I come to lunch from from gym with a red face, and an exhausted yet satisfied expression. "You've been playing floor hockey again, haven't you!?" she belligerently but playfully accuses. I then proceed to disgust her with my tales of how I almost scored a goal, got hit in the ribs by a speeding puck (and boy was it great!), knocked over a guy, stopped the puck mid-air. She rolls her eyes for two reasons: one, because I actually participate in gym period, and two, because floor hockey is generally a "guy thing." Now, before I go any further, I want to cover myself. I'm not saying that the aggression and rough and tumble of floor hockey is an exclusively masculine trait, and that I , a girl, would be exploring my "male half" by partaking in the game. It is society that chooses which qualities may be dubbed male and which are female, and it is society that makes Julie and most of my other friends, and even the other guys down at the gym think it strange for a woman to enjoy such a brute sport. Virginia Woolf may be forced to call things either male or female in order to speak society's language. I think she's on to something in that there is a little everything residing in all of us-it's just a matter of whether or not we choose to embrace it all. I'm not a brute force all the time (although some would beg to differ), but I bring that side of me out whenever I go for the puck, or whenever I spar in martial arts. Maybe it's not "the man" in me, it's just the fighter; maybe Virginia Woolf says male and female half when she really means all-encompassing human whole. Another conflict that results from this manifestation of all human qualities within me also deals with male and female stereotypes.

Developing a Philosophy of Leadership Essay

A leadership philosophy is the way we see ourselves as leaders. This philosophy guides our actions, our behaviors, and our thoughts. Our philosophies are influenced by external and internal forces. We can change who we are as leaders by simply changing our philosophy of leadership. Leadership philosophies can change as you grow to understand yourself within the context of leading. Creating or finding your leadership philosophy means that you must explore and reflect upon your personal values, assumptions, and beliefs about leadership. Personal values are qualities or characteristics that you value. You would rather leave an organization or step down as a leader than violate your values. Your values guide your intentions and they influence how you lead. When your personal values are clear and you are conscious of them, you create a solid foundation for leading. Assumptions are ideas that are assumed or believed to be true. As a leader it is important to understand what assumptions fuel your leadership thinking. Often leaders are not aware of the assumptions because they are operating from certain paradigms that will not allow them to see assumptions. Reflection into one’s leadership is an excellent way to uncover assumptions. Beliefs are ideas that we hold to be true; they shape our realities. If a leader believes that the only individuals in an organization that can make decisions is the management staff, then that belief will influence how the leader treats others. Beliefs can also be unconscious; they are for us a habitual way of thinking and acting that it doesn’t cross our minds that our beliefs may be prohibiting us. The following is an exercise to help you create, find, or define your personal philosophy of leadership. Exercise 1: Identifying Your Leadership Values From the list below, pick five core values that you feel describe and guide who you are as a leader. You may choose other values that are not on this list. Place them in the following chart and answer the questions in the matrix. 1. Write down two stories of leadership. One story should describe a positive experience you’ve had with leadership and the second story should describe a time when you had a negative experience with leadership. 2. In the space below, write down your definition of leadership. 3. Using your definition of leadership, please elaborate how you first came to understand (or know) your leadership definition. 4. Describe who are the individuals or organizations that influence your leadership definition. For each of the questions in this section, ask yourself: 1. What were my assumptions? 2. What influenced my assumptions? 3. Would others (co-workers, friends, supervisors) see the situations I described differently? Exercise 3: Understanding Your Leadership Beliefs Answer the following questions about leadership beliefs. By reflecting on these questions, you will find what beliefs you hold about leadership. 1. Can people who have caused others harm be leaders, e.g. Adolph Hitler? 2. Should leaders have certain qualities to be able to lead? 3. Who decides who leads? 4. How do leaders gain credibility? 5. In general, is there something good about leadership? 6. What do you think is the purpose for leadership? 7. Is leadership behavior developed through personal experiences or through external forces? For the questions above, write down one statement for each question that best illustrates your belief about that question. For example, if you answered #6 with: The purpose of leadership is to provide vision, guidance, and bring people together for a common good. It unites people and gets them to join together for a goal, then your belief statement may be: I believe that leadership provides a vision to create a common good. Write a statement for each question. These statements will be used in combination with the other activities to create a philosophy of leadership for you. Exercise 4: Finalizing Your Leadership Philosophy Now that you’ve identified your leadership values, uncovered your leadership assumptions, and understand what beliefs guide your leadership thinking, you are now ready to write statements reflecting your leadership philosophy using the responses above. Statements about your leadership should be written in the present moment not in the future tense. Creating â€Å"present moment† statements helps you to internalize and visualize your philosophy as it is happening now, not in the future or the past. Your leadership philosophy should be a statement that consists of your responses from the above exercise. It doesn’t have to include everything, but it should encompass the general idea of what you’ve written. It doesn’t have to be formatted in a certain way – just whatever makes sense to you. You can write one sentence statements or you can write a story explaining your philosophy. Start with an initial draft of your philosophy and write it down. Revise it as often as you need. Remember, your philosophy can change depending on where you are at with your leadership. After you’ve finished, type out your philosophy on a nice sheet of paper and frame it. Add pictures or artwork to your philosophy. Place it in an area where you will see it all the time; this will serve as a reminder to you to remain true to your leadership. The following is a sample philosophy statement consisting of one sentence statements. Remember, you can write your philosophy in any way that makes sense to you. My Leadership Philosophy is†¦ I believe that leadership is a journey that consists of followers and leaders. I balance my work and personal success. I always help people to find the best in themselves. I spend time reflecting on my leadership and its implications on others. I value integrity in personal and professional development. I respect leadership from different perspectives and ways of knowing. I listen with respect and gratitude to others.

Personality Studies Essay

The term â€Å"physiognomy† refers to features of the face, when these features are used to infer the character or temperament of an individual. Physiognomy associates any feature of the face and head with personal characteristics and certain personality traits and abilities. Physiognomic messages might include a person’s genetic background (e.g., race, ethnicity), genetic diseases (e.g., Down’s syndrome), and more fuzzy concepts such as romantic compatibility, suitability for certain positions or the destiny of the person. As a practice, physiognomy has a long history in Western and Eastern cultures. It still attracts attention as a curiosity and books and popular articles retain an interest. Merton Method for Employers Holmes W. Merton invented the Merton Method in the late 19th century to match a person’s character to a suitable job. Merton specialized in matching personal characteristics to vocations, and he invented a unique set of traits that he claimed are relevant to job performance. He divided the face into dozens of different areas, each area reflecting one or more of his traits, thus matching a face to a job. Many large corporations used this method to make employment and job assignment decisions. Stereotypes of Police Caricature of the criminal: thug with small, beady, close-set eyes, large jaw and puffy cheeks, bent nose, unshaven with threatening expression. Analysis of physiognomic characteristics has been employed in the criminal justice system. Some paid legal consultants offer advice to trial lawyers about their clients, prospective jurors, and witnesses based on their facial characteristics. They know that jurors respond to the faces of the defendant and the witnesses, so they try to optimize the favorableness of the impressions jurors are likely to form (such consultants are most often used by the defense). For example, research shows that a baby-faced person is less likely to be convicted of an intentional crime and more likely to be convicted of a negligent crime. Some consultants also claim to have insight into the characteristics of prospective jurors based on their faces. An old face reading tradition in law enforcement circles is that you can tell a criminal fro m his or her face. Surveys of policemen indicate that even today, many believe they can detect the criminal by examining their face. Acting Another area in which physiognomy is used is the selection of actors to fill roles. For example, pedantic women, evil or virtuous men, and incompetent or stupid characters are often portrayed by actors who â€Å"look the part†. Character actors often spend their professional lives performing only limited roles that match their facial appearance. It is important to note that none of these applications has any scientific evidence to support it and none uses any of the scientific evidence and theory as a basis for its practice. Palmistry or chiromancy is the art of evaluating a person’s character and foretelling the future through the study of the palm. Palmistry can trace its roots back to India, from where it spread to China, Tibet, Egypt, Persia and Europe. Even today, the practice is found all over the world, with numerous cultural variations. Those who practice chiromancy are generally called palmists, palm readers, or hand readers. A reader usually begins by reading the person’s ‘dominant hand’ (the hand they write with or use the most) which is considered to represent the conscious mind, whereas the other hand is subconscious. Various â€Å"lines† (â€Å"heart line†, â€Å"life line†, etc.) and â€Å"mounts† (or bumps) presumably suggest interpretations by their relative sizes, qualities, and intersections. The lines are believed to carry hereditary or family traits, or to convey information about past-life or karmic conditions. The basic framewo rk for â€Å"Classical† palmistry is rooted in Greek mythology. Each area of the palm and fingers is related to a god or goddess, and the features of that area indicate the nature of the corresponding aspect of the subject. For example, the ring finger is associated with the Greek god Apollo; characteristics of the ring finger are tied to the subject’s dealings with art, music, aesthetics, fame, wealth, and harmony. The practice of chiromancy is generally regarded as a pseudoscience. There has been little research verifying palmistry’s accuracy as a system of character analysis, and so far no conclusive evidence has been provided to support a connection between the lines of the palm and a person’s character. No conclusive data have yet been found to support the claims made by hand readers with respect to life expectancy or personality type. Temperament theory has its roots in the ancient four humors theory. The Greek physician Hippocrates (460-370 BC) systemized and developed it into a medical theory. He believed certain human moods, emotions and behaviors were caused by body fluids (called â€Å"humors†): blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm, and searched for physiological reasons for different behaviors in humans. The four temperamental categories were named â€Å"sanguine†, â€Å"melancholic†, â€Å"choleric† and â€Å"phlegmatic† after the bodily humors. Each was the result of an excess of one of the humors and corresponded to a different personality type. Sanguine The Sanguine temperament personality is fairly extroverted. People of a sanguine temperament tend to enjoy social gatherings and making new friends. They tend to be creative and often daydream. However, some alone time is crucial for those of this temperament. Sanguine can also mean very sensitive, compassionate and thoughtful. Sanguine personalities generally struggle with following tasks all the way through, are chronically late, and tend to be forgetful and sometimes a little sarcastic. Often, when pursuing a new hobby, interest is lost quickly when it ceases to be engaging or fun. They are very much people persons. They are talkative and not shy. Choleric A person who is choleric is a doer. They have a lot of ambition, energy, and passion, and try to instill it in others. They can dominate people of other temperaments, especially phlegmatic types. Many great charismatic military and political figures were cholerics. They like to be leaders and in charge of everything. Melancholic A person who is a thoughtful ponderer has a melancholic disposition. Often very considerate, melancholics can be highly creative in activities such as poetry and art – and can become occupied with the tragedy and cruelty in the world. A melancholic is also often a perfectionist. They are often self-reliant and independent. Phlegmatic Phlegmatics tend to be self-content and kind. They can be very accepting and affectionate. They may be very receptive and shy and often prefer stability to uncertainty and change. They are very consistent, relaxed, rational, curious, and observant, making them good administrators and diplomats. They also believe there are twelve mixtures of the four temperaments, representing people who have the traits of two temperaments. The temperament theory is used to help understand personality. The temperaments are seen as avenues into teaching, with many different types of blends, which can help with both discipline and defining the methods used with individual children and class balance. Phrenology [frÉ ªÃ¢â‚¬â„¢nÉ”lÉ™Ê ¤Ã‰ ª] A pseudo-science related to physiognomy is Phrenology. The phrenologist claims that specific areas of the cranium reflect certain personality traits. By examining these areas of the head for size and shape, an expert can infer individual’s hidden character. This approach developed in the early 19th century, based on the discovery that areas of the cerebral cortex under the skull were differently specialized. Thus, the skull area over each area takes on certain forms matching the abilities of the brain underneath it. Unfortunately for this theory, the early ideas of specialization of the brain are seriously flawed, and the assumption that specialized areas have anything to do with shapes of the cranium is false. Nevertheless, this idea of phrenology became very popular, and many experts on phrenology published volumes describing the applications of this technique. Numerous followers promoted the idea and supplied their services to an eager public, usually for a fee. None of their claimed expertise have any basis in fact, and the subject seems a humorous relict today. Astrology is a group of systems, traditions, and beliefs which hold that the movements and positions of celestial bodies directly influence life on Earth or correspond to the events of a human’s life. A practitioner of astrology is called an astrologer. Astrologers believe, for instance, that the identification of the zodiacal placement of the Sun on the day of a person’s birth provides information about personality and human affairs, and helps in the interpretation of past and present events, and in the prediction of the future. Astrology is generally considered a pseudoscience or superstition by the scientific community because of a lack of statistically significant astrological predictions. Still, astrology enjoys certain popularity even nowadays. In particular, many newspapers and magazines carry predictive columns based on celestial influences in relation to an individual’s zodiac sign.

Thomas Malthus Biography

Thomas Malthus Biography Early Life and Education: Born February 13 or 14, 1766 - Died December 29, 1834 (see note at the end of the article), Thomas Robert Malthus was born on either February 13 or 14, 1766 (different sources list both as a possible date of birth) in Surrey County, England to Daniel and Henrietta Malthus. Thomas was the sixth of seven children and began his education by being home schooled. As a young scholar, Malthus excelled in his studies of literature and mathematics. He pursued a degree at Jesus College in Cambridge and received a Masters of Art degree in 1791 despite a speech impediment caused by a hare-lip and cleft palate. Personal Life: Thomas Malthus married his cousin Harriet in 1804 and they had two daughters and a son. He took a job as a professor at the East India Company College in England. Biography: In 1798, Malthus published his best known work, Essay on the Principle of Population. He was intrigued by the idea that all human populations throughout history had a section that were living in poverty. He hypothesized that populations would grow in areas with plenty of resources until those resources were strained to the point that some of the population would have to go without. Malthus went on to say that factors like famine, war, and disease in historical populations took care of the overpopulation crisis that would have taken over if left unchecked. Thomas Malthus not only pointed out these problems, he also came up with some solutions. Populations needed to stay within appropriate limits by either raising the death rate or lowering the birth rate. His original work emphasized what he called positive checks that raised the death rate, such as war and famine. Revised editions focused more on what he considered preventative checks, like birth control or celibacy and, more controversially, abortion and prostitution. His ideas were considered radical and many religious leaders stepped forward to denounce his works, even though Malthus himself was a clergyman in the Church of England. These detractors made attacks against Malthus for his ideas and spread lies about his personal life. This did not deter Malthus, however, as he made a total of six revisions to his Essay on the Principle of Population, further explaining his points and adding new evidence with each revision. Thomas Malthus blamed the declining living conditions on three factors. The first was the uncontrolled reproduction of offspring. He felt families were producing more children than they could care for with their allotted resources. Second, the production of those resources could not keep up with the expanding population. Malthus wrote extensively on his views that agriculture could not be expanded enough to feed the entire population of the world. The final factor was the irresponsibility of the lower classes. In fact, Malthus mostly blamed the poor for continuing to reproduce even though they could not afford to care for the children. His solution was to limit the lower classes to the number of offspring they were allowed to produce. Both Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace read Essay on the Principle of Population and saw much of their own research in nature being mirrored in the human population. Malthus ideas of overpopulation and the death it caused was one of the main pieces that helped shaped the idea of Natural Selection. The survival of the fittest idea not only applied to populations in the natural world, it also seemed to apply to more civilized populations like humans. The lower classes were dying due to lack of resources available to them, much like the Theory of Evolution by Way of Natural Selection proposed. Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace both praised Thomas Malthus and his work. They give Malthus a large portion of the credit for shaping their ideas and helping to hone the Theory of Evolution, and in particular, their ideas of Natural Selection. Note: Most sources agree Malthus died on December 29, 1834, but some claim his actual date of death was December 23, 1834. It is unclear which date of death is correct, just as his exact date of birth is also unclear.